Topmost layer of the earth, namely litosfir, is a relatively cold rocks and the top is in solid condition and rigid. Below this layer there is a much hotter rock called the mantle. This layer is so hot, so always in a state is not rigid, so it can move according to the distribution of heat that we know as the convection flow. Tectonic plates that are part of litosfir solid and floating on the mantle moves come to each other. There are three possible movement of one tectonic plate relative to the other, ie when the two plates away from each other (spreading), approach each other (collision) and each slide (transform).

If the two plates meet at a fault, they can move away from each other, approach each other or each shift. Generally, these movements are slow and can not be felt by humans, but measured at 0-15 cm per year. Sometimes, this plate movement stuck and interlock, resulting in the collection of energy continues until at some time in the tectonic plate rock is no longer able to resist the movement, causing a sudden release of which we know as earthquakes.

When an earthquake occurs?

Earthquakes can occur at any time, without knowing the season. Nevertheless, the concentration of earthquakes tend to occur in certain places, such as the Pacific Plate boundary. This place is known as the Ring of Fire because of the many volcanoes.

Where earthquakes occur ?

Litosfir layer is composed of tectonic plates are rigid and floating on top of rocks that are relatively rigid. Regional meeting of two or more plates we refer to as plate margins or plate boundaries, also called fault. Earthquakes can occur anywhere on earth, but most earthquakes occur around the plate boundaries and gained a lot of active faults around the plate boundaries. Certain point along the fault where the earthquake is called the focus or the commencement of hyposenter and the point at which the earth’s surface immediately above it called the epicenter.

Tsunami is a series of ocean waves that spilled water can sometimes be as high as more than 100 feet (30.5 meters), to the mainland.

The walls of water can cause vast destruction when it reaches shore.

Very scary wave is usually caused by undersea earthquakes large tectonic plate boundary.

When the ocean bottom at a tectonic plate boundaries go up or down then it suddenly replaces the water on it and launched a rolling wave that became a tsunami.

Most of the tsunami, about 80 percent, occurred in the “Ring of Fire” in the Pacific Ocean, a geological region where the tectonic shift creates volcanoes and earthquakes.

Tsunamis can also be created by underwater landslides or underwater volcanic eruptions.

Tsunami waves can also be slid, as often happens on Earth in the ancient past, because the impact of large meteorites falling into the ocean.

Tsunami explore the ocean at speeds above 850 kilometers per hour, or equal to the speed of a jetliner.

With speed like that tsunamis can explore the entire Pacific Ocean less than a day. And the more their wavelength then decreases its energy.

In the ocean, tsunami waves can only reach as high as feet or slightly higher than that.

But as soon as the tsunami approaches the coastline and into shallow waters, the tsunami slows down, the opposite of energy and height increases.

The highest peak of the wave is moving faster than under the waves, which makes it increased dramatically.

Basin tsunami, the lowest under the wave crests, often the first to reach the mainland.

When that happens, a tsunami produces devastating effects of coastal waters empty into the sea, as well as exposing the harbor and the ocean floor.

Reversal of the sea water is an important warning sign of a tsunami, because the waves and the volume of water is unusually large, usually invaded the land about five minutes or thereabouts.

Recognizing this phenomenon can save many lives.

Tsunami waves usually consist of a series called the wave train, and possibly destructive forces rolled sequentially overwrite the mainland.

People who experienced the tsunami must remember that the danger is not over after the first wave came, otherwise one must wait for an official order that is safe for them to return to areas affected by tsunami waves.

There is a tsunami that does not appear in the offshore as all-powerful waves, currents which otherwise resembles a sudden rise that flooded coastal areas.

The best way is to set up tsunami early warning tsunami that will make people can seek higher land.

The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, which consists of 26 countries and is headquartered in Hawaii, manages a network of seismic devices and water level adjuster to identify the tsunami in the ocean.

Such systems are intended to protect coastal areas around the world.

Supermoon is a phenomenon where the moon (moon) looks very big in the sky because it is in its closest approach to Earth. Currently that process is going on. Klimaknya will we can see together on 19 March 2011, where the position of the moon is at closest distance of 356,723 miles from Earth, so the moon will be seen with a size larger than usual.

Supermoon theory has also been associated with superdahsyat magnitude 9.0 earthquake on the Richter Scale (SR) with 10-meter-high tsunami that devastated Aceh on December 26, 2005. When that happens supermoon climax in two weeks after the “little apocalypse of Aceh.”

In the past 50 years, supermoon occurred in 1955, 1974, 1992, 2005, and 2011. Special in 2011, supermoon not only stimulate a large earthquake but also resulted in the high sea waves and bad weather extremes around the world.

However, adherents of the theory supermoon always been denied by most scientists of the world. Those who do not believe in the theory supermoon always argued that the scientific phenomenon of the moon will only result in rising waves of sea water, not affect or stimulate the occurrence of earthquake and volcanic eruption.

Regardless of the polemics supermoon phenomenon, the fact that Japan has luluhlantak SR 8.9 earthquake struck on Friday just past. The quake occurred at 12:46 or 14:46 pm Japan time, with epicenter at 373 km centered northeast of Tokyo. Moments later a tsunami with a height of 4 meters to 10 meters.

There are three provinces with the worst damaged condition Miyagi, Iwate, and Fukushima. Until yesterday the Japanese government announced the deaths of more than 1000 people and is estimated casualties will continue to increase because there are still about 10,000 people still missing in the port city of Minamisanriku Prefecture Miyagi, Japan,

Mbakyu-in-law that afternoon I was cleaning dishes, glasses, and utensils in the kitchen, when suddenly the house where he lived was swinging hard swing. Falling home furnishings, she began to panic, a large earthquake is going on.

Mbakyu first step I did was call her husband at work. Her husband ordered her to stay indoors and follow developments on television. Mbakyu my brother in law and her husband are Japanese people living in an apartment on the eleventh floor Asakuka Prefecture, Tokyo. His son worked as a secretary to Ambassador of Indonesia to Japan in Tokyo.

At 13:00 pm or 15:00 Tokyo time or a quarter of an hour after the quake, Mbakyu my brother in law then phoned my wife (his brother) in Jakarta, preach what is happening in Japan. Phone calls to Jakarta continues to be done once every half hour to update developments.

Currently there are 31 people my wife’s brother who lives in Japan. They lived in various cities in the land of Sunrise. Some of them are native of Japan, other citizen status who are working there in various professions. Thank God my whole family there are none who are victims of the earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011.

An earthquake measuring 8.9 magnitude rocked the tsunami that accompanied last Friday that it was the largest earthquake that struck Japan over the last 140 years. Magnitude is beyond the power of the Great Kanto earthquake which occurred on 1 September 1923 ago. The quake was magnitude 7.9 and killed more than 140 thousand citizens of Tokyo.

From oborolan with my brothers who experienced the greatest natural disaster that I get some interesting images. First, regarding the infrastructure associated with the basic needs of Japanese society. My brothers who lived in Japan told me that there are four things that are guaranteed by the Japanese government will not be affected by the earthquake and other natural disasters as bad as any disaster that happens. The four are: electricity, telephone, water, and gas.

Unlike in Indonesia, which predominantly have to buy LPG by ketengan for their household needs, Japan’s gas needs of households served by the government with network system via a pipeline to supply the entire country. And, the Japanese government has to prove the security of supply is maintained despite being hit by a devastating earthquake measuring it.

Electricity also remains lit in most areas of Sakura. Face-to-clean water flowing to most homes. While the phone, there is absolutely no interference. My family and I stay in touch with my brothers in Japan, since the natural disaster occur until some time when I am typing this article.

Everything proves that the Japanese government succeeded in building the infrastructure that the main intention berkaiatan with people with disaster-resistant qualities as bad as any. We know that Japan is a country prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, storms and hurricanes.

Secondly, regarding the quality of residential buildings, high rise buildings and skyscrapers. Japan managed to find the construction of earthquake resistant buildings. His government is very strict in giving building permits (IMB) with the requirements should be earthquake resistant.

We can see through television shows how buildings skyscrapers still standing strong even if hit by an earthquake with magnitude 8.9 force. Compare this with the impact that occurred in other countries that experienced large earthquake shocks, where the level of damage is much worse.

Third, the Japanese people strongly adhere to the procedures how to deal with earthquakes and natural disasters. Socialization for it continues to be repeated at any time, provided via the schools, offices, enterprises, and households. And all the people adhere to these procedures. Compare with other nation’s level of obedience in the face of natural disasters, especially earthquakes.

It appears that we could pick a useful lesson from natural disasters in the form of earthquakes with magnitude 8.9 tsunami as high as four to ten feet just hit Japan. The lesson is not only to be picked by our government but also to be taken by all Indonesian people, so willing to learn from the Samurai was. Because, like Japan, our country was located on land prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.

October of 2009 I visited Japan. During the visit I had the opportunity to meet and shake hands with Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko. My meeting with Emperor Akihito took place two weeks after a magnitude 7.9 earthquake that destroyed the West Sumatra.

With a very soft voice the Tenno Heiko told me, “Convey our sympathy and sorrow for all citizens in the affected areas of West Sumatra earthquake.”
It felt – though only through this writing — I now turn to personal and possibly on behalf of us all citizens of East Kalimantan and Indonesian people, to convey to the Emperor and the entire nation of Japan, “We convey our sympathy and sorrow over the earthquake and tsunami disaster that Japan struck. ”

Readers who I respect. Please continue to read the news Tribun Kaltim serving today’s edition. We hope that our presentation would be able to give maximum benefit for all readers.

The first theory is the cause of earthquakes, nuclear missile test conducted by the state on the Korean peninsula. Nuclear warheads that hit the ocean could certainly cause an earthquake and resulting tsunami.

A Conspiracy Theory says North Korea’s Taepodong missiles can not reach the west coast of the United States, but if the time of the test, the missile could have on Hawaii.

Some Japanese analysts have cast the statement that North Korea plans to use nuclear missiles to eliminate 17% of GDP the United States in just an instant, not by direct attack but by the attack on Hawaii that could cause the landslide is big enough to make radioactive Tsunami.

Tsunami attack provides some advantages for North Korean scientists. First, the location of Hawaii is closer to North Korea to obtain missile technology so it is sufficient, rather than have to reach Silicon Vally

Missiles are traveling long distances will take more fuel consumption and will certainly make a bigger missile.

This conspiracy theory is quite acceptable because the power of 12 megatons of course, the nuclear bomb is enough to make the tsunami attack. The question is, What if the trials are directed to the Pacific and potentially create a tsunami in Hawaii? whether the United States would quietly alone?

Superpower that has a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI), a monitoring center based missile at Vandenberg AFB, California. If there is a threat to his country, the GBI will beat him before reaching the target.

North Korea might conduct a nuclear test secretly. Nuclear missiles failed to reach its target, destroyed middle of the road and result in the earthquake that caused tsunami. This conspiracy theory has not been proven, as this is the realm of intelligence.

The second analysis was to use the theory of plate tectonics. Plate Tectonics theory emerged since the 1960s, and until now this theory has successfully explained a variety of geological events, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruption, also about how the formation of mountains, continents, and oceans.

The tsunami followed the earthquake in Japan which is due to collision of tectonic plates called Subduction. This collision occurs between oceanic plate with continental plates.

Japan due to subduction in the Pacific plate beneath the menghujam countries. This theory is unacceptable because the position of Japan is very prone to earthquakes.

The third analysis, using the theory of the Moon Pull Style. This theory tries to tie with supermoon phenomenon that will occur on March 19, 2011. Supermoon phenomenon is the position of the moon which is close to the earth.

Adherents of this theory believe that Supermoon or Lunar Prugee can cause “Moonageddon” Richard Nolle, an astronomer at the United States (U.S.), as reported by ABC Radio said the fact that facing is Supermoon “is on the way” close to the earth. When viewed more in-depth historical Supermoon has associated with catastrophic winds, high waves, and earthquakes.

The history of disasters ever recorded on Earth occurred during the lunar perigee phenomenon, for example, hurricanes in New England, 1938, flooding in the Hunter Valley in 1955, Disaster Cyclone Tracy in 1974, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are believed also related phenomenon SuperMoon.

However, again the theory adherents Moonageddon again denied by the scientists. as reported by The Telegraph, these scientists have no evidence that states Supermoon can trigger natural disasters. Even if the presence of Supermoon give effect to the earth, it’s just a higher tide or low tide is lower than usual.

So, which theory is closest to what is happening in Japan?

If There Volcano Eruption

* Avoid areas prone to disasters such as mountain slopes, canyons and lava flow area.
* In the open air, protect themselves from ash and pyroclastic eruptions. Prepare yourself for the possibility of subsequent disasters.
* Wear clothing that can protect the body such as: long sleeves, long pants, hats and more.
* Do not wear contact lenses.
* Wear a mask or cloth to cover the mouth and nose.
* When the clouds drop in heat try to cover her face with both hands.

After Volcano Eruption Occurs

* Stay away from areas affected by ash fall.
* Clean the roof of the ash heap. Due to its weight, can damage or tear down the roof of the building.
* Avoid driving in areas affected by ash fall can cause engine damage.

Tsunami in Indonesia generally occurs in less than 40 minutes after the occurrence of a major earthquake under the sea. A tsunami can not be predicted exactly when it happened, but we can receive warning of impending tsunami, so we still have time to save themselves.

Escape when the tsunami hit
If being around the beach, there was an earthquake shock, the sea water near the shore receded abruptly so that the bottom of the sea visible, immediately ran toward the high ground (hills or tall buildings) while telling other friends.

If you’re in a boat or a ship at sea and hear the news of the coast has a tsunami, do not close kepantai. Point the boat into the sea. If the first wave came and receded again, do not immediately fall into the low areas. Usually the next wave will hit. If the wave has completely subsided, perform first aid on the victim.

Strategy and landslide disaster management efforts:

* Avoid high-risk areas for residential development and other major facilities.
* Reducing the level of slope steepness.
* Improve / fix and maintain good drainage of surface water and groundwater. Function is to keep airn drainage from the slopes, avoid the water soak into the slope or drain the water into the slope to the outer slopes. So the drainage must be maintained so as not to clog or water soak into the ground.
* Preparation of retaining buildings, anchor (anchor) and pilling.
* Terraces with proper drainage system (drainage on the terrace – a terrace guarded not to be the way the water soak into the ground).
* Greening with plant roots in the system and the proper spacing (especially for steep slopes, with slopes over 40 degrees or about 80% of plants should not be too tightly and interrupted-plants interspersed with shorter and lighter, at the base of the planted grass).
* Established a building with a strong foundation.
* Perform compaction of soil around the housing.
* The introduction of landslide prone areas.
* Making the retaining dikes to collapse rocks (rock fall).
* Closure of cracks in the upper slopes to prevent water from getting quickly into the ground.
* The foundation piles are strongly advised to avoid the danger of liquefaction.
* The utility is in the land must be flexible.
* In some cases relocation is recommended.

What to Do When Flood

* Turn off the electricity in the house to turn off electricity in affected areas.
* Evacuate to a safe area as early as possible while still allowing standing water to cross.
* Avoid walking near waterways to avoid flooding swept away. Immediately secure valuables higher place.
* If the water kept rising contact the agencies associated with the nearest natural disaster.

What to Do After the Flood

* Immediately clean the house, where the floor is generally covered with mud and use an antiseptic to kill germs.
* Locate and prepare clean water to avoid outbreaks of diarrheal disease that is often contagious after flood events.
* Be alert to the possibility of venomous animals such as snakes and centipedes or animal disease agents such as rats, cockroaches, flies, and mosquitoes.
* Always be alert when the possibility of subsequent flooding.

* In the house
Vibration will be felt for a moment. During that time, you should seek the safety of yourself and your family. Go down the table to protect your body from falling objects. If you do not have a table, protect your head with pillows.
If you’re lighting the stove, then turn off immediately to prevent fires.

* In schools
Take shelter under the under the table, protect your head with a bag or a book, do not panic, if the quake subsided out sequentially starting from the farthest distance to the door, find a roomy place, do not stand near buildings, poles and trees.

* Outside the house
Protect to you and avoid dangerous objects. In the office area or industrial park, the danger could arise from jatuhnyakaca-glass and billboards. Protect your head by hand, bag or whatever you are carrying.

* In buildings, malls, cinemas, and the ground floor mall
Do not cause panic or a victim of panic. Follow all the instructions of the officer or security guard.

* In the elevator
Do not use the elevator during an earthquake or fire. If you feel the vibrations of an earthquake while in the elevator, then press all the buttons. When the elevator stops, get out, see the safety and mengungsilah. If you get stuck in elevators, contact the building manager to use the Interphone if available.

* On the train
Hold tightly to the pole so you will not terjatuhseandainya train stopped abruptly. Be calm following the official explanation of the train. Misunderstand the information officer or station wagon would cause panic.

* In the car
When a big earthquake, you’ll feel as if your car wheels bald. You will lose control of the car and hard to control it. Stay away from the intersection, set aside your car on the side of the road and stop. Follow the instructions from the car radio, if you must evacuate it out of the car, leave the car unlocked.

* On the mountain / beach
There is the possibility of landslides occurred from the top of the mountain, immediately move away to safety. On the coast, the danger comes from the tsunami. If you feel the vibrations and signs of a tsunami appears, quickly fled to high ground.